Types of Diabetes Mellitus
The four classifications of diabetes include type 1, formally known as insulin-dependent diabetes, type 2 formally known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes, gestational, and diabetes secondary to diseases of the pancreas and hormonal abnormalities. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder where beta cells of the pancreas are damaged, resulting in the inability to secrete insulin (Arcangelo, Peterson, NURS 6521 Wk 5 Types of Diabetes Mellitus Wilbur & Reinhold 2017). When the pancreas does not produce insulin, blood glucose levels are elevated. It is also recognized as juvenile diabetes because it is primarily typically diagnosed in children, teens, and young adults. When the pancreas produces less insulin than the body required or the muscles and adipose cells becomes less responsive to the actions of insulin, it is known as type 2 diabetes. In some pregnant women, progesterone, cortisol, and human placental lactogen produce anti-insulin effects causing intolerance to glucose known as gestational diabetes. It usually resolves after the delivery but increases the risk for type 2 diabetes later in life (Arcangelo, Peterson, Wilbur & Reinhold 2017).
Gestational Diabetes
Diet and activity modifications are the first treatment options for the management of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). It is recommended to limit carbohydrate intake to 33% to 40% of calories and 30 minutes of aerobic exercise and resistance training most days of the week to improve glycemic control. Monitoring maternal weight gain is also essential in reducing the risk of fetal macrosomia (Garrison, 2015).NURS 6521 Wk 5 Types of Diabetes Mellitus