ANSWER
The following is a framework for successfully answering the scenario’s questions:
1. Actions Typical of Each Disorder: ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder)
inability to stay still for long periods of time.
Impulsive conduct and lack of focus (e.g., unable to sit still for more than a minute or two).
difficulty adjusting to regimented settings, like preschool.
Disorder of Oppositional Defiant Behavior (ODD):
persistent defiance of authority figures or the law.
emotional dysregulation, frequent tantrums, and irritable mood.
bullying and purposefully upsetting people as a form of rebellion.
Potential Diagnosis in the Future
Ryan might fit the criteria for Conduct Disorder (CD) if his actions increase to the point that he consistently violates the rights of others (e.g., stealing, assault, or dishonesty).
Justification: CD is identified when a pattern of behavior that transgresses social standards and other people’s rights appears. This involves stealing, dishonesty, property destruction, and violence against people or animals.
This pattern aligns with the developmental trajectory observed in those children with ODD who do not receive treatment.
3. Ryan-Stimulant-Suitable Drugs (such as Amphetamine [Adderall] and Methylphenidate [Ritalin]):
Justification: For ADHD, stimulants are the primary line of treatment. By increasing the brain’s dopamine and norepinephrine activity, they aid in strengthening focus, attention, and impulse control.
Evidence: Research shows that stimulant treatment improves the behavior of 70–80% of children with ADHD and may also lessen some oppositional tendencies.
Atypical antipsychotics, such as risperidone, include:
Rationale: Risperidone can help lessen the severe irritability and violence present in children with ODD. By altering the dopamine and serotonin pathways, it helps control emotions.
Evidence: Research indicates that it is effective in lowering emotional dysregulation and hostility in kids with disruptive behavior disorders.
Reliable Sources:
AAP (American Academy of Pediatrics) recommendations for ADHD.
NIMH (National Institute of Mental Health) information on behavioral disorders in children.
4. The Value of Parental Counseling
Reason 1: Dealing with Parenting Difficulties
Through therapy, parents learn techniques like positive reinforcement and regular boundary-setting to deal with Ryan’s difficult behaviors.
Evidence: Research has demonstrated that Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) enhances parent-child relationships in households with disruptive behavior disorders.
Reason 2: Lessening the Stress of Parents
The mental and physical toll of raising a child with ODD and ADHD can be overwhelming. Parents can learn self-care techniques, process their feelings, and preserve their mental health in therapy.
Evidence According to research published in the Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, children’s oppositional behaviors are made worse by high levels of parental stress, which feeds back into the cycle.
Suggested Procedures:
For parents, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can help them change their negative thought habits.
Join support groups to meet families going through comparable struggles.
Please seek for assistance if you need it to improve or expand on this response.
QUESTION
Directions:
Scenario
Ryan is a 12 year old diagnosed with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). As a small child, Ryan was first diagnosed with Attention Deficit, Hyperactivity Disorder. He had just started preschool and was unable to remain in one place for more than a minute or two. His parents had already had a very difficult time in disciplining him, because he would become very upset and throw temper tantrums when he could not do as he wished. He just seemed to be an unhappy, irritable child. This behavior continued in school. As time progressed, Ryan was diagnosed with Oppositional Defiant Disorder, because he continued to refuse to listen to adults and comply with the rules.
By the age of 12, he has begun to bully and annoy others. His parents have decided that the approaches they have used in the past are not working, and they are more afraid his behavior will only get worse.
Provide explanations for these questions and statements:
Describe the behaviors apparent for each disorder in this scenario (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder).
If this behavior becomes worse and Ryan starts to violate the rights of others, what medical diagnosis will be given and why?
Discuss at least two types of medication appropriate to treat Ryan and support your choices with rationale and credible resources
Describe why therapy for the parent is important in this scenario including at least two supporting rationales.