ANSWER
HPV Infection as the causal factor of cancer: risk factors Particularly cervical cancer, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the main cause of many malignancies. The risk factors linked to HPV infection consist in:
Having several sexual partners or starting a sexual activity early in life raises the risk of HPV exposure.
People with impaired immune systems—that example, individuals with HIV/AIDS or organ transplant recipients—are more likely to have ongoing HPV infections and develop cancer.
Smoking affects the immune system, which makes it more difficult to eliminate HPV infections, therefore raising the risk of HPV-related cancer.
Not wearing condoms raises the risk of HPV transmission in unprotected sex.
Younger people, particularly those under the age of thirty, are more vulnerable since the body can eliminate infections in younger years.
History of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Other STIs may raise vulnerability to HPV.
Family History: Those with a family history of cervical cancer could be more likely to develop it themselves.
Several screening modalities allow one to find HPV infections and associated malignancies early on:
Usually used to gather cells from the cervix to look for abnormalities suggestive of precancerous alterations brought on by HPV, Pap Smear (Pap Test)
An HPV DNA test looks for high-risk HPV strains in the cervix. Usually, women over thirty combine it with a Pap smear.
In settings with limited resources, VIA—visual inspection with acetic acid—is used to identify aberrant cervix areas following acetic acid (vinegar) application.
Should unusual findings on a Pap test, a colposcopy is carried out as a diagnostic process. It entails a deeper look of the cervix with a magnifying lens to identify aberrant cells.
Intervention at Preventive Level:
Vaccination is the most powerful preventive action against HPV-related malignancies including oropharyngeal, anal, and cervical ones. Before they start to be sexually active, both men and women are advised the HPV vaccination (around age 11–12).
Safe Sexual Practices: Condoms used consistently during sexual activity help to reduce the HPV risk.
Regular Screening: Early alterations that can develop to cervical cancer can be found by routine Pap screenings and HPV tests for women, especially those over thirty, so allowing early intervention.
Disorders Related to Immune System: Graves’ Disease
Graves’ disease’s pathology—cause—is The autoimmune condition known as Graves’ disease causes the body’s immune system to mistakenly target the thyroid gland, hence overstimulating and producing too many thyroid hormones. Though its precise origin is unknown, Graves’ illness is thought to be caused in part by environmental and genetic elements including infections, stress, or smoking. Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) produced by the immune system in Graves’ disease attach to TSH receptors of the thyroid. These antibodies replicate TSH’s activity, which causes the thyroid gland to overprodu thyroid hormones, therefore producing hyperthyroidism.
Antibodies produced by the immune system in Graves’ disease target TSH receptors of the thyroid gland. TSH from the pituitary gland typically stimulates the thyroid to generate thyroid hormones (T3 and T4.). In Graves’ illness, on the other hand, the thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSI) connect to the thyroid receptors, therefore generating extra thyroid hormones outside of pituitary control. The signs of hyperthyroidism, including fast heart rate, weight loss, agitation, and heat sensitivity, follow from this overstimulation. The immunological reaction throws off normal thyroid activity and results in the distinctive symptoms and signs of the condition.
Treatment to Restored the Immune Defence System of the Body Several treatments are meant to control the too high thyroid hormone production and restore normal immune system:
Medications used to limit the thyroid’s capacity to generate thyroid hormones, so helping to treat hyperthyroidism, include methimazole and propylthiouracil (PTU).
Using a radioactive version of iodine, which the thyroid gland absorbs, radioactive Iodine Therapy progressively kills thyroid cells to lower hormone output. When other remedies fail, this is often utilised.
In severe situations, or when radioactive iodine is ineffective, the thyroid may be surgically removed to eradicate the source of extra thyroid hormones.
By preventing the effects of too high thyroid hormones on the body, beta-blockers—like propranolol—help control symptoms including fast heart rate and tremors.
In cases of Graves’ ophthalmopathy, a disorder of the eyes, corticosteroids may be administered to lower inflammation and edoema.
Although these treatments can help Graves’ disease symptoms be managed, they do not directly target the underlying autoimmune aetiology. Sometimes the illness may be managed with lifetime medication or further treatments. Treatments for Graves’ ophthalmopathy could possibly include radiation or surgery to assist with eye-related symptoms.
QUESTION
Discussion: Causative Factors of Cancer
HPV Infection*
Respond to the following prompts:
- Define the risk factors
- List the screening modalities
- Define preventive intervention
Immune-Related Disorders
In your discussion post, respond to the following prompts about an IMMUNE-RELATED DISORDER OF YOUR CHOICE: Graves Disease*
- Discuss the pathology (cause) of the immune related disorder.
- How does the body’s immune system respond to the immune related disorder?
- What is the treatment needed to restore the body’s immune defense system?