Heart Disease and Minority Population in the United States: A Correlation
ANSWER
Introduction
Being a member of a particular ethnic group or race should not put you at risk for heart disease. However, this is one factor contributing to a person’s likelihood of suffering from heart disease or their survival rate. Cardiovascular diseases continue to be the leading cause of death in the United States of America. Surprisingly, heart disease affects different racial and ethnic groups in different proportions (Graham, Guendelman, Leong, Hogan, and Dennison, 2006). In the United States of America, certain groups are at a higher risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and their associated risks.
More than 6.2% of Americans suffer from coronary heart disease, which accounts for one in every seven deaths in the United States. Even though several parties have identified the disparities, a global change would significantly drive significant changes. Since 1982, 44.2% of the people in the minority group have been born within the last eighteen years in the United States. While non-whites account for 37.8% of the population in America, Hispanics and African-Americans account for roughly 30% of the population (Leigh, Alvarez, Rodriguez, 2016).
According to recent research, minority groups in the United States of America are at a higher risk of developing heart disease than native whites. These minority groups are also given different revascularization treatments, even though they are among the majority of people who die from heart disease (Leigh, Alvarez, Rodriguez, 2016). This information is based on a comparison with the white and non-Hispanic populations. As a result, it is critical to address the disparities in heart disease diagnosis based on conduction knowledge and long-term prevention. The American Heart Association (AHA) Strategic Impact Goals, for example, are helping to eliminate health disparities. Several studies have been conducted to examine these disparities. This review highlights a recent report on heart diseases and how they affect minorities in the United States of America.
Review of Literature
Racism and ethnic differences are the primary stressors for societies and individuals in the United States of America. Chronic exposures have physiological consequences in the neuroendocrine response due to ongoing chronic stress (Rodriguez et al., 2014). This stress can have negative consequences for marginalized minority groups over time. There is currently evidence that racism is linked to heart disease. This is evident in the fact that many blacks, who are a minority in the United States of America, suffer from heart diseases that are exacerbated by stress. However, racial and ethical differences complicate the treatment of these heart diseases. There is still a scarcity of data on the number of people affected by heart disease and stress.
Cases of cardiovascular disease have been on the rise in the United States of America in recent years. This ongoing issue significantly impacts minority groups, particularly Hispanics and African-Americans. The rates at which people in the United States are affected by heart disease vary by race and ethnic group. According to data on heart diseases, these minorities outperform whites in terms of health. Despite the increased burden of cardiovascular disease and social discrimination, minorities are less likely to suffer from heart disease than whites. This data supports the minority paradox, which states that it is challenging to detect cardiovascular disease in these groups (Medina-Inojosa et al., 2014). This paradox, however, confuses assessing the risks associated with cardiovascular diseases. This paradox makes the treatment of these diseases difficult for minority groups.
Several campaigns, such as the American Heart Association (AHA) campaign, have made it simple to address cardiovascular issues. The primary goal of these campaigns is to improve the various approaches to dealing with different races and their behaviour (Caleyachetty et al., 2015). According to a National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHAES) report, minorities in the United States suffer from cardiovascular diseases at a higher rate than native whites. These cardiovascular diseases affect African-Americans and Hispanics more than white Americans (Folsom et al., 2011). All groups, however, can have lower rates of cardiovascular disease if they achieve cardiovascular health.
Many people are attempting to investigate this heart disease issue, with researchers such as Kwagyan examining the effect of participating in diet exercises to reduce the risks associated with the heart. Obese people were also at a higher risk of cardiovascular disease in minority groups (Ketete et al., 2013). More than 500 people signed up for a program that allowed them to avoid oily and salty people. Before the program, an examination revealed that 6% and 16% of women and men were at risk of developing heart-related diseases. However, the results were very confident that the rate of mortality in the group decreased significantly after the practice. These risks decreased in line with lower blood pressure and blood sugar levels. As a result, encouraging similar programs aimed at minority groups in the United States of America would significantly reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Many factors contribute to cardiovascular disease, including high serum cholesterol. High serum cholesterol is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. As a result, the treatment of heart disease focuses on preventing high cholesterol levels before they become a severe problem. According to a MESA study, all groups in the United States of America face the same risk of dyslipidemia (Goff et al., 2006). Minority African-Americans and Hispanics, on the other hand, rarely reported their conditions to hospitals for diagnosis. Aside from the majority of whites, minority groups have difficulty controlling dyslipidemia. Following socioeconomic and access to health care research, it is clear that biological differences do not significantly rule the state of control.
Lipoprotein with a low density is another risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease. According to research, different races have different plasma levels, with African-Americans having higher levels than American whites (Bennet, 2008). Lipoprotein is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in all populations in the United States of America. A gradual decrease in these plasma levels puts people at high risk of heart disease (Virani et al., 2012). However, because of lower plasma levels, minority groups had a lower risk of developing heart disease. Surprisingly, the transmission of cardiovascular diseases differed between sexes in minority groups. These changes in cardiovascular disease were also associated with obesity, cholesterol, smoking status, hypertension, and diabetes. As a result, on the one hand, the most common causes of cardiovascular disease in men included obesity, high cholesterol as a risk factor, smoking, and high blood pressure. On the other hand, women suffer from cardiovascular disease due to obesity, hypertension, and high cholesterol levels in their blood.
After careful examination, racism was found to be directly related to the likelihood of cardiovascular disease transmission. Minority African-Americans are more likely to develop cardiovascular diseases (Kershaw et al., 2015). This percentage, however, significantly decreased after several considerations in controlling ethnicity preference in treatment provision. Even though many surveys exclude African-Americans, some have gone a step further and addressed the risks of cardiovascular disease to this minority group. According to the NHANES, one-quarter of Asian Americans are at risk of cardiovascular disease, with the elderly and the uneducated being the most affected. However, the transmission of these diseases differed by gender. High cholesterol levels in the blood do not differ based on gender, country of birth, age, or level of education.
Jose, a cardiovascular disease researcher, conducted a database study using National Center for Health Statistics data. He examined over ten million people’s records. He compared whites and Asian Americans after characterizing this data on Asian-American minorities. Further investigation revealed that this minority group had lower mortality rates than whites (Jose et al., 2014). This information compared the genders of the two groups. However, the data changed when comparing the proportionate mortality rates in these groups. Whites outperformed minorities in terms of comparable mortality rates. As a result, this study served as a wake-up call for researchers to investigate disease patterns in underserved minority groups in the United States of America (de Souza & Anand, 2014).
The Study’s Purpose
Cardiovascular diseases remain the most severe threats to the US healthcare system. However, it is disheartening that the rate of heart disease attacks continues to be racial and ethnic. This study aims to look into the relationship between heart disease and the minority population in the United States. In the United States, treatment for heart disease differs depending on an individual’s ethnic group and race.
Participants and Methods
A random population sample of people beginning at eighteen will be included in the study. These are the same individuals who will compete in the United States of America in 2019 and 2020. The National Health Interview Surveys will support this survey. According to the study, people with heart disease will be examined and classified based on their ages. These reports will be tailored to the tests performed at the time. Various survey instruments will be used to assess the risk factors for heart disease. In the methods of analysis, the risks associated with heart disease will be analyzed using the same varying factors and other factors affecting many people. The National Health Interview Survey is an annual survey of individuals participating in a cross-sectional study. These surveys look at the health and behaviours of people in minority and majority groups in the United States (Liu et al., 2014). Many of these people are illiterate and have a higher risk of developing heart disease. Following the participation of various parties, we will compare data from 2019 to data from the National Health Interview Surveys released in 2020. This range of data will ensure that the study’s sample size and statistical power are adequate. As a result, this data will make it easier to test the differences in cardiovascular health among non-Hispanic Blacks, non-Hispanic Whites, Hispanics, African-Americans, and non-Hispanic Asians (Liu et al., 2014). Non-Hispanic Asians and African-Americans are among the fastest-growing ethnic groups in the United States, and addressing these groups would be critical.
The participants over eighteen with missing details in the interview will then be excluded. We will then conduct a final analysis of the remaining people groups. The data to be used should also come from the National Health Center for Health Statistics to ensure that no additional institutional reviews are required. The study will concentrate on the most common chronic condition, heart disease. The conditions will then be determined based on the participants’ self-reported heart disease as reported by health professionals. Age, gender, educational status, body mass index (BMI), smoking, alcohol consumption, and rate of physical activity will all be factored into the data grouping. The WHO defines BMI as “underweight: 18.5, normal weight: 18.5-24.9, overweight: 25-29.9, and obesity: 30 kg/m2.” Physical activity levels range from active – >150 minutes per week to dormant – 10-149 minutes per week (Liu et al., 2014).
Data examination
Following the survey, we will analyze the annual age of heart disease mortality rates. As a result, we will use statistical software made available at the national level by the state for the period specified in the study hypothesis. The first study will look at the characteristics of people based on race and ethnicity. As a result, the Chi-square tests will be used to conduct the tests. The second study will look at people who smoke, have a high BMI, drink alcohol, and are physically active. This information will be compared to the likelihood of causing heart disease in various ethnic groups and races. Furthermore, an analysis will be performed using the four different varying logistic models.
The first study will consider age and gender, while the second will consider age, gender, and educational status. The third study will look at smoking, exercise, and alcohol consumption. The final study was modified to address the third study’s issues and obesity. Similarly to this study, we will compare the odds of heart disease among minority subgroups to the majority of whites. Finally, SAS version 9.3 will be used for all data analysis. We will also look at the data from the weight samples provided by the NHIS. The statistical significance will be determined for the two sides’ tests at a p-value less than 0.05.
Conclusion
Many cardiovascular studies focus on whites, but due to changing population composition, people should generalize to the US population (Pool et al., 2017). Heart disease disparities exist in the United States for minority groups, ranging from differences in heart disease treatments. However, people should increase their understanding of heart disease in the United States among various groups. There have been disparities in heart disease risks, treatment, and outcomes among minority groups. Many variations are related to the patient’s social status, environment, and ease of access to healthcare. Following the resolution of these issues, it is critical to concentrate on their prevention and the identification and management of risk factors.
References
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