Clinical Ethics Principles and Their Application in Practice
This review provides an overview of ethics and clinical ethics. The four main ethical principles are defined and explained: beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, and justice. The principles of informed consent, truth-telling, and confidentiality all stem from the principle of autonomy, and each is discussed.
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There are frequent conflicts between ethical principles in patient care situations (especially between beneficence and autonomy). A four-pronged systematic approach to ethical problem-solving is presented, along with several conflict examples. The cases’ comments highlight the ethical principles at stake and clarify how these conflicts were resolved. A model for patient care is illustrated that integrates ethical aspects (intertwined with professionalism) with the clinical and technical expertise desired by a physician.
